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GNDU Question Paper-2023

B.A 2

Semester

PHILOSOPHY

(Ethics: Western and Indian)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any

Four questions

SECTION-A

1. Explain Nature and Scope of Ethics.

2. What is relation and difference between Ethics and Religion ? Explain.

SECTION-B

3. What is Categorical Imperative, according to Kant ? Critically examine its different forms.

4. Define Utilitarianism. Examine Utilitarianism of Bentham.

SECTION-C

5. Explain in detail theory of Nishkama Karma, according to Bhagavad Gita.

6. Explain the concept of Hukam, according to Guru Granth Sahib.

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SECTION-D

7. Explain 'Four Noble Truths', according to Buddism.

8. What is Ashtangyoga in Yoga Philosophy?

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GNDU Answer Paper-2023

B.A 2

Semester

PHILOSOPHY

(Ethics: Western and Indian)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any

Four questions

SECTION-A

1. Explain Nature and Scope of Ethics.

Ans: Nature and Scope of Ethics

Introduction

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with questions about what is right and wrong, good and

bad, and what we should or should not do. It guides human behavior and helps individuals make

moral choices. Ethics is important in every aspect of life, including personal decisions, professional

conduct, and social interactions.

Nature of Ethics

The nature of ethics refers to its characteristics, meaning, and role in human life. It is important to

understand ethics as a fundamental part of moral philosophy. Below are some key aspects of the

nature of ethics:

1. Ethics as a Branch of Philosophy

Ethics is a part of philosophy that studies morality. Philosophy seeks to understand fundamental

truths about life, and ethics focuses specifically on the moral aspect of human behavior. It asks

deep questions like "What is the meaning of good?" and "Why should we be moral?"

2. Ethics is Normative

Ethics does not just describe how people behave (which is the role of psychology or sociology);

instead, it tells us how people should behave. It sets standards and guidelines for what is morally

right or wrong. For example, honesty is considered a virtue, and lying is generally seen as wrong.

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3. Ethics is Concerned with Human Conduct

Ethics deals with human actions and decisions. It does not apply to animals or inanimate objects

because they do not have moral responsibilities. For example, if a tiger kills a deer, it is not an

unethical act because the tiger acts on instinct. However, if a human steals from another person, it

is considered unethical because humans have a sense of right and wrong.

4. Ethics is Based on Reasoning

Ethics relies on logic and rational thinking. Moral decisions are not based purely on emotions or

personal preferences but on careful reasoning about what is right or wrong. For example, laws

against theft are not just based on emotions but on logical reasoning that stealing causes harm to

individuals and society.

5. Ethics is Universal but Culturally Influenced

While ethical principles are often universal (e.g., kindness and honesty are valued across cultures),

different societies have unique moral beliefs based on their history, religion, and customs. For

instance, in some cultures, eating certain types of food may be considered unethical, while in

others, it is perfectly acceptable.

6. Ethics is Dynamic

Ethics evolves over time. What was considered morally acceptable in the past may no longer be

seen as ethical today. For example, practices like slavery were once common but are now

universally condemned as unethical.

7. Ethics Involves Free Will

Moral actions are based on free will. If a person is forced to do something against their will, they

are not morally responsible for it. For example, if someone is forced to commit a crime at

gunpoint, they cannot be held fully responsible in an ethical sense.

Scope of Ethics

The scope of ethics refers to the different areas in which ethical principles are applied. Ethics is

relevant in personal life, social interactions, professional fields, and even laws. The scope of ethics

can be divided into several key areas:

1. Personal Ethics

Personal ethics refers to the moral values that guide an individual’s behavior in daily life. These

include honesty, integrity, kindness, and respect for others. Personal ethics help people make

decisions such as telling the truth, keeping promises, and helping those in need. For example, if a

person finds a lost wallet, their personal ethics determine whether they return it or keep it.

2. Social Ethics

Social ethics deals with moral principles that govern interactions between individuals in a society.

It includes issues like justice, equality, and human rights. Social ethics ensures that people live

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harmoniously and respect one another. For example, discrimination based on race, gender, or

religion is considered unethical because it goes against social justice.

3. Professional Ethics

Professional ethics refers to the moral principles that guide behavior in different professions.

Different jobs have specific ethical guidelines. For example:

• Doctors follow medical ethics, which include maintaining patient confidentiality and

providing the best care possible.

• Lawyers follow legal ethics, ensuring fairness and justice in their practice.

• Business professionals follow ethical guidelines to ensure fair trade, honesty in advertising,

and responsibility towards employees and customers.

A doctor refusing to treat a patient based on personal bias would be considered unethical.

Similarly, a company engaging in false advertising is violating business ethics.

4. Legal Ethics

Ethics and law are closely related but not identical. Laws are rules created by governments, while

ethics is based on moral principles. Some actions may be legal but not ethical, and vice versa. For

example, in some countries, lying in political campaigns is legal, but it is still considered unethical.

On the other hand, some acts of civil disobedience, like peaceful protests against injustice, may be

illegal but are seen as morally justified.

5. Environmental Ethics

With growing concerns about climate change and environmental destruction, ethics has expanded

to include the relationship between humans and nature. Environmental ethics focuses on how

people should treat the environment, protect natural resources, and consider the rights of future

generations. For example, cutting down trees for profit without considering the impact on wildlife

and climate is considered unethical.

6. Bioethics

Bioethics is a specialized area of ethics that deals with moral issues in biology and medicine. It

includes topics like:

• Is it ethical to use animals for medical experiments?

• Should genetic engineering be allowed?

• Is euthanasia (assisted death) morally acceptable?

For example, the debate over cloning and stem cell research falls under bioethics, where ethical

questions arise about the limits of scientific advancements.

7. Ethics in Technology

With rapid technological advancements, new ethical questions have emerged. Ethics in technology

includes issues like data privacy, artificial intelligence, and cyber ethics. For example, is it ethical

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for companies to collect and sell users' personal data without their knowledge? Should robots be

given rights if they become highly intelligent?

Conclusion

Ethics is an essential part of human life, guiding us in making moral choices. It helps individuals

and societies decide what is right and wrong, ensuring harmony and justice. The nature of ethics

shows that it is based on reasoning, concerns human conduct, and evolves over time. The scope of

ethics is vast, covering personal life, society, professions, law, environment, medicine, and

technology. By understanding and practicing ethical principles, individuals contribute to a better

and fairer world for everyone.

2. What is relation and difference between Ethics and Religion ? Explain.

Ans: Introduction

Ethics and religion are two important aspects of human life that guide our thoughts, actions, and

moral values. Both deal with questions of right and wrong, good and bad, and how we should

behave in society. However, while they may seem similar, they have different foundations and

approaches. Ethics is based on reason and human experience, whereas religion is based on faith,

divine command, and religious scriptures.

To fully understand their relationship and differences, let's explore them in depth.

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the study of moral principles that determine what is right or wrong in human behavior. It

is a branch of philosophy that helps individuals and societies make moral decisions. Ethics does

not rely on religious beliefs; rather, it is based on logic, reason, and human experience.

Key Features of Ethics:

1. Based on Reason and Logic – Ethics uses logical thinking and human reasoning to

determine what is morally right.

2. Universal Principles – Ethical principles apply to all people, regardless of religion, culture,

or personal beliefs.

3. Independent of Religion – Ethics does not require belief in God or religious teachings to

define what is right or wrong.

4. Social Harmony – Ethics helps societies function smoothly by setting moral standards.

5. Examples of Ethical Issues – Honesty, justice, equality, compassion, and fairness.

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Example of Ethics:

Imagine a person finds a lost wallet full of money on the street. Ethics teaches that returning the

wallet to its owner is the right thing to do because honesty is a moral principle. This decision does

not depend on religious belief but on ethical reasoning.

What is Religion?

Religion is a system of faith and worship that involves belief in a higher power, such as God or

divine forces. It provides moral guidelines based on sacred texts, teachings of religious leaders,

and traditions. Religious morality is often derived from divine commandments, scriptures, and

spiritual beliefs.

Key Features of Religion:

1. Based on Faith and Divine Command – Religious morality comes from the teachings of

God, prophets, or sacred texts.

2. Sacred Texts and Teachings – Religious moral values are often written in holy books like

the Bhagavad Gita, Bible, Quran, and Guru Granth Sahib.

3. Afterlife and Spiritual Goals – Religion often teaches about heaven, hell, karma, or rebirth,

influencing moral decisions.

4. Varies by Religion – Different religions have different moral codes. For example, what is

considered a sin in one religion might not be in another.

5. Examples of Religious Morality – Following the Ten Commandments in Christianity,

practicing non-violence in Jainism, or observing Ramadan fasting in Islam.

Example of Religion:

A person donates money to a temple, church, or mosque because their religion teaches that

helping the poor is a divine duty. The motivation here is religious belief rather than ethical

reasoning alone.

Relationship Between Ethics and Religion

Although ethics and religion are different, they are closely connected in many ways.

1. Religion Provides Ethical Guidelines – Most religions teach moral values such as honesty,

kindness, and compassion, which overlap with ethical principles.

2. Ethics Can Exist Without Religion – A person can be moral and ethical without being

religious. For example, an atheist can still believe in justice and fairness.

3. Religion Influences Ethics – Many ethical principles in history have been shaped by

religious teachings. For example, laws against stealing and murder are common in both

ethics and religious commandments.

4. Both Aim for a Better Society – Ethics and religion both promote good behavior and

discourage harmful actions, helping create a peaceful and just society.

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5. Examples of Common Morality – Respecting parents, being truthful, not harming others,

and helping those in need are moral values found in both ethical philosophy and religious

teachings.

Differences Between Ethics and Religion

Aspect

Ethics

Religion

Basis

Reason, logic, and human

experience

Faith, divine command, and scriptures

Scope

Universal principles that

apply to all

Specific moral teachings based on

religious beliefs

Authority

Philosophers, society, and

personal reasoning

God, prophets, religious leaders, and

sacred texts

Flexibility

Can change with time and

culture

Often based on fixed divine laws

Influence on

Morality

Encourages moral decisions

through reasoning

Encourages moral behavior through religious

teachings and fear of divine punishment/reward

Examples

Honesty, justice, fairness,

respect for others

Worship, fasting, following religious rituals, obeying

commandments

Example to Understand the Difference

Imagine two people help a poor man by giving him food and money.

1. Person A (Ethics) – Helps because he believes it is morally right to care for the needy, based

on human compassion and social responsibility.

2. Person B (Religion) – Helps because his religion teaches that charity leads to divine

blessings and spiritual reward.

Both actions are good, but their motivations are different.

Can Religion and Ethics Conflict?

Sometimes, religious teachings and ethical reasoning can be in conflict.

Example 1: Medical Ethics vs. Religious Beliefs

• Some religions prohibit blood transfusion, but doctors follow medical ethics, which

prioritize saving lives.

• Some ethical debates, like euthanasia (mercy killing) and abortion, create conflicts

between religious views and ethical perspectives.

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Example 2: Social Change vs. Religious Traditions

• Ethical values evolve with time. For example, in ancient times, caste discrimination was

justified by some religious traditions, but modern ethics considers it morally wrong.

In such cases, ethics encourages questioning outdated beliefs and adapting to new, just principles.

Conclusion

Ethics and religion both play a significant role in shaping human morality, but they have different

foundations. Ethics is based on reason, logic, and universal principles, while religion is based on

faith, divine teachings, and scriptures. Despite their differences, both seek to promote good

behavior and improve society.

However, ethics provides a broader, more flexible approach to morality that applies to all people,

regardless of religious beliefs. Religion, on the other hand, gives moral guidance through faith and

spiritual practices. Understanding both ethics and religion helps individuals make informed moral

decisions that balance faith, reason, and social responsibility.

SECTION-B

3. What is Categorical Imperative, according to Kant ? Critically examine its different forms.

Ans: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: A Simple and Detailed Explanation

Immanuel Kant, an 18th-century German philosopher, developed a moral theory based on reason

and duty. One of his most important ideas is the Categorical Imperative, which is a fundamental

principle for determining what is morally right or wrong.

What is the Categorical Imperative?

The Categorical Imperative is a rule that tells us how to act in every situation, regardless of

personal desires, emotions, or circumstances. Unlike other rules that depend on specific goals

(such as "If you want to be healthy, exercise regularly"), the Categorical Imperative applies

universally to everyone at all times. It tells us what we ought to do simply because it is the right

thing to do.

To put it simply, the Categorical Imperative is a moral command that applies to all rational beings,

without any conditions. It tells us to act only in ways that are morally acceptable for everyone.

For example, consider the act of lying. If someone lies to avoid punishment, they are acting based

on their personal interests. However, Kant argues that we should ask ourselves, "What if everyone

lied?" If lying became a universal rule, trust would break down, and communication would

become meaningless. Since this would lead to a contradiction, lying is morally wrong according to

the Categorical Imperative.

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Different Forms of the Categorical Imperative

Kant presents the Categorical Imperative in three main forms. Each version expresses the same

idea in a slightly different way. Let’s examine them one by one.

1. The Formula of Universal Law

This form states:

"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a

universal law."

In simple terms, before doing something, ask yourself: "What if everyone did this?" If the action is

something that would lead to contradictions or chaos if everyone did it, then it is morally wrong.

󹻂 Example 1: Stealing

Imagine a person who steals because they need money. If stealing became a universal rule (where

everyone steals), then the concept of personal property would disappear. If no one owned

anything securely, stealing would become meaningless. This contradiction shows that stealing is

wrong.

󹻂 Example 2: Breaking Promises

If someone makes false promises, they might benefit temporarily. However, if everyone made

false promises, trust would vanish, and promises would become useless. This shows that lying and

breaking promises are morally wrong.

This version of the Categorical Imperative ensures that our actions are logically consistent and that

they do not create contradictions when applied universally.

2. The Formula of Humanity (Respect for Persons)

This form states:

"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of

another, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means."

In simpler terms, treat people with respect and dignity. Never use them just as tools for your own

benefit.

󹻂 Example 1: Exploiting Workers

Imagine a factory owner who underpays workers while making huge profits. He treats them as

mere tools for his benefit rather than as human beings with dignity. According to Kant, this is

morally wrong because it treats people as a means rather than as valuable individuals.

󹻂 Example 2: Cheating in a Relationship

If a person deceives their partner for personal gain (like financial benefits), they are using their

partner as a tool rather than respecting them as an equal human being. This violates the

Categorical Imperative.

This version of the Categorical Imperative ensures that we see people as valuable individuals, not

as objects to be manipulated.

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3. The Formula of Autonomy (Kingdom of Ends)

This form states:

"Act only so that your will can regard itself at the same time as making universal law through its

maxims."

This means that each person should act as if they are responsible for creating moral laws. We

should follow moral principles not because someone else tells us to, but because we understand

their value and choose to follow them freely.

󹻂 Example 1: A Student and Exam Cheating

A student preparing for an exam might be tempted to cheat. If they think, “I will cheat just this

once,” they should ask: "Would I accept a rule where cheating is always allowed?" If cheating were

a universal rule, exams would lose meaning, and knowledge would not be valued. Since this is

undesirable, the student should act morally and avoid cheating.

󹻂 Example 2: Helping Others in Need

If someone is struggling and we have the ability to help, we should ask: "Would I want a world

where no one helps others?" If the answer is no, then helping others should be seen as a moral

duty.

This version of the Categorical Imperative encourages us to act as responsible moral beings who

contribute to a world where everyone is treated fairly.

Criticism of Kant’s Categorical Imperative

While Kant’s theory is highly influential, it has been criticized for several reasons:

󹻁 It is too rigid – Kant’s theory does not consider exceptions. For example, if lying is always

wrong, does that mean we should never lie, even to protect someone’s life? Critics argue that

morality should allow flexibility in extreme cases.

󹻁 It ignores emotions and consequences – Kant focuses only on rational duty, not on emotions

or the outcomes of actions. But many argue that morality should also consider the consequences

of actions.

󹻁 It can lead to conflicting duties – Suppose a person has to choose between two duties, such as

keeping a promise and saving a life. Kant’s theory does not clearly explain how to resolve such

conflicts.

󹻁 Not everyone can rationally decide moral laws – Some critics argue that not everyone is

capable of reasoning in the way Kant suggests. People have different perspectives, and cultural

differences may lead to different moral conclusions.

Conclusion

Kant’s Categorical Imperative is one of the most significant theories in moral philosophy. It

provides a clear and rational approach to ethics, emphasizing universal rules, respect for

individuals, and moral autonomy. By following the Categorical Imperative, we ensure that our

actions are consistent, fair, and respectful to others.

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However, like any moral theory, it has limitations. While Kant’s approach provides a strong

foundation for ethical reasoning, real-life situations often require a more flexible approach that

considers emotions and consequences.

Despite its criticisms, Kant’s Categorical Imperative remains an essential part of ethical discussions

today. It challenges us to think beyond personal interests and to act in ways that are justifiable for

everyone.

4. Define Utilitarianism. Examine Utilitarianism of Bentham.

Ans: Utilitarianism and Bentham's Utilitarianism

Introduction to Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that focuses on maximizing happiness and minimizing pain. It

suggests that an action is right if it leads to the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

The main idea behind utilitarianism is that morality should be based on consequences rather than

fixed rules or traditions.

This ethical theory was developed during the 18th and 19th centuries and is closely associated

with thinkers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Bentham was the first to formalize the

concept, and his ideas were later refined by Mill.

In this explanation, we will first define utilitarianism in detail, followed by an examination of

Bentham’s utilitarianism, including its principles, strengths, weaknesses, and real-life applications.

Understanding Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory, which means that it judges the morality of an action

based on its outcomes. Unlike moral theories that focus on intentions or duties, utilitarianism

looks at the effects of an action to determine whether it is good or bad.

The basic principle of utilitarianism is:

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 An action is morally right if it produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest

number of people.

Happiness, in this context, refers to pleasure and the absence of pain. This is why utilitarianism is

sometimes called the "greatest happiness principle."

Let’s break down this idea further:

1. Happiness as the Ultimate Goal – The purpose of life, according to utilitarianism, is to

increase happiness and reduce suffering.

2. Impartiality – Utilitarianism considers everyone’s happiness equally. No individual’s

happiness is more important than another’s.

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3. Consequences Matter – The morality of an action is judged based on its results. Good

results = Good action; Bad results = Bad action.

Example of Utilitarian Thinking

Imagine you are a doctor with five patients who need organ transplants to survive. A healthy

person comes in for a routine check-up, and their organs match the five patients.

• A strict utilitarian might argue that sacrificing the one healthy person to save five lives is

the "right" action because it maximizes overall happiness.

• However, this idea is controversial because it ignores individual rights and fairness, which is

one of the criticisms of utilitarianism.

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) was the first philosopher to present a systematic form of

utilitarianism. He wanted to create a simple and scientific way to determine what is morally right.

Bentham’s Key Ideas

Bentham believed that:

1. Human beings are motivated by pleasure and pain – Every action we take is to seek

pleasure and avoid pain.

2. The morality of an action should be measured by its utility – Utility means how much

happiness or benefit an action produces.

3. All happiness is equal – Bentham did not distinguish between different types of pleasure.

Eating a chocolate cake and reading a book were both considered equally pleasurable if

they made someone happy.

To measure happiness, Bentham introduced the Hedonic Calculus, which is a way to calculate the

pleasure and pain produced by an action.

The Hedonic Calculus

Bentham suggested that before making a moral decision, we should consider the following seven

factors to measure pleasure and pain:

1. Intensity – How strong is the pleasure or pain?

2. Duration – How long will it last?

3. Certainty – How likely is it to happen?

4. Propinquity (Closeness in Time) – Will it happen soon or in the distant future?

5. Fecundity – Will it lead to more pleasure in the future?

6. Purity – Will it cause pain along with pleasure? (For example, eating too much junk food

might bring pleasure but also health problems.)

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7. Extent – How many people will be affected by it?

Using these factors, Bentham believed people could make logical moral decisions by calculating

which action would produce the most overall happiness.

Example of the Hedonic Calculus in Action

Imagine a government is deciding whether to build a park or a shopping mall in a neighborhood.

• If they build a park, children can play, families can spend time together, and people can

exercise.

• If they build a mall, businesses will thrive, and people will have access to more shops.

Using the Hedonic Calculus, the government would analyze which option provides the

most long-term happiness to the greatest number of people and then choose that option.

Strengths of Bentham’s Utilitarianism

1. Simple and Practical – It provides a clear way to judge actions by focusing on happiness and

pain.

2. Flexible – Unlike rigid moral rules, utilitarianism allows decisions to be based on

circumstances.

3. Democratic Approach – It treats everyone’s happiness equally, promoting fairness and

welfare.

4. Encourages Social Welfare – It supports actions that improve public health, education, and

economic well-being.

Criticisms of Bentham’s Utilitarianism

While Bentham’s utilitarianism is useful in many situations, it has some major weaknesses:

1. Ignores Individual Rights – In some cases, utilitarianism could justify harming a minority if it

benefits the majority (like the doctor example earlier).

2. Difficult to Measure Happiness – Pleasure and pain are subjective, making them hard to

calculate.

3. Focuses Only on Quantity, Not Quality – Bentham treats all pleasures as equal, but some

argue that intellectual or emotional pleasures (e.g., reading, music, art) are more valuable

than physical pleasures (eating, drinking, etc.).

4. Predicting Consequences is Hard – We cannot always know the full impact of an action in

advance.

Conclusion

Utilitarianism is a powerful ethical theory that focuses on maximizing happiness and minimizing

suffering. Jeremy Bentham was one of its key founders, and his version of utilitarianism is based

on the principle of utility and the Hedonic Calculus.

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While Bentham’s approach is logical and easy to apply, it has several challenges, especially

regarding individual rights and the measurement of happiness. Later thinkers, like John Stuart Mill,

refined utilitarianism to address these issues by distinguishing between higher and lower

pleasures.

Despite its limitations, utilitarianism remains an influential and widely used moral theory,

especially in areas like government policy, law, and economics, where decisions must consider the

well-being of the majority.

SECTION-C

5. Explain in detail theory of Nishkama Karma, according to Bhagavad Gita.

Ans: Theory of Nishkama Karma According to Bhagavad Gita

The concept of Nishkama Karma is one of the most important teachings of the Bhagavad Gita,

which is a sacred Hindu scripture that contains the dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna

during the Kurukshetra war. The term Nishkama Karma is made up of two Sanskrit words:

• Nishkama – which means "without desire" or "selfless."

• Karma – which means "action" or "duty."

Thus, Nishkama Karma means performing one's duty without any selfish desire or attachment to

the results. It teaches that one should work sincerely and dedicatedly, but without expecting any

rewards or outcomes. This idea is considered a key principle of Karma Yoga, the path of selfless

action.

Background of Nishkama Karma in the Bhagavad Gita

The Bhagavad Gita is a philosophical conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna that takes

place on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Arjuna, a great warrior, becomes confused and refuses to

fight, as he does not want to kill his relatives, teachers, and friends in the war. Seeing his

hesitation, Lord Krishna advises him to perform his duty as a warrior (Kshatriya Dharma) without

being attached to the consequences.

Krishna introduces Nishkama Karma as the ideal way to act. He tells Arjuna that he should fight

not for personal gain or victory but because it is his duty (dharma) as a warrior. Krishna teaches

that actions performed without selfish motives lead to spiritual liberation (moksha), while actions

performed with selfish desires bind a person to the cycle of birth and death.

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Main Principles of Nishkama Karma

1. Perform Duty Without Attachment to Results

One of the core messages of Nishkama Karma is that we should focus on performing our duties

without worrying about success or failure. Krishna says in the Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 2, Verse 47):

"Karmanye vadhikaraste, ma phaleshu kadachana,

ma karma phala hetur bhur, ma te sangostva karmani."

Meaning:

"You have the right to perform your duty, but never to the fruits of your work. Never consider

yourself the cause of the results of your actions, nor be attached to inaction."

This means that our focus should be on doing our work sincerely and wholeheartedly, without

getting anxious about the outcome.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: A student should study with full concentration and effort, not just for getting high

marks but for gaining knowledge. If they study only for marks, they may feel disappointed if they

do not get the expected result. But if they focus on learning, they will naturally succeed in the long

run.

2. Detachment from Success and Failure

Another key lesson of Nishkama Karma is that one should not be overly happy when they succeed

or feel depressed when they fail. Krishna teaches that a wise person remains calm and steady in

both success and failure, gain and loss, pleasure and pain.

This does not mean that one should not have goals. Instead, it means that one should work

sincerely without letting emotions of success or failure disturb their peace of mind.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: A doctor should treat their patients with full dedication, without worrying about

whether they will be praised or criticized. Their focus should be on saving lives, not on receiving

awards or recognition.

3. Work as Worship (Seva Bhava)

Krishna explains that if a person works with the feeling that they are serving God through their

actions, then their work itself becomes a form of worship. This approach helps people remain

humble and dedicated, as they see their work as a sacred duty.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: A teacher who teaches students with devotion, not for salary or fame, but to spread

knowledge, is practicing Nishkama Karma.

4. Freedom from the Bondage of Karma

Krishna teaches that when a person acts with selfish desires, they become attached to the results

of their actions. This attachment creates Karma Bandhan (bondage of karma), which means they

will have to experience the consequences of their actions, leading to repeated births and deaths.

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But when a person follows Nishkama Karma, they perform actions selflessly, without craving

rewards. This helps them attain Moksha (liberation) because they are no longer trapped in the

cycle of karma.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: A soldier who fights bravely to protect their country without worrying about

personal gain or loss is performing Nishkama Karma. Even if they lose their life in battle, their

sacrifice becomes noble and selfless.

5. Role of Selfless Action in Society

Krishna also explains that when great people perform Nishkama Karma, they set an example for

others to follow. If leaders, teachers, and parents act selflessly, society becomes better. People

will work with honesty, discipline, and devotion rather than being driven by greed or personal

gain.

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 Example: Mahatma Gandhi followed the principle of Nishkama Karma. He fought for India's

independence selflessly, without seeking power or personal benefits. His actions inspired millions

to follow the path of truth and non-violence.

How to Practice Nishkama Karma in Daily Life?

1. Do your best without worrying about the result – Focus on effort, not reward.

2. Accept both success and failure with calmness – Do not get too excited or too

disappointed.

3. Work for a higher purpose – See your work as a service to society or a contribution to the

world.

4. Avoid selfishness and greed – Do not work only for money, fame, or recognition.

5. Surrender the results to God – Believe that whatever happens is for the best and is guided

by a higher power.

Conclusion

The Theory of Nishkama Karma as explained in the Bhagavad Gita teaches us to work with full

dedication but without selfish desires. It helps in maintaining inner peace, achieving spiritual

growth, and making the world a better place. When people act selflessly, they free themselves

from worries, stress, and disappointment. This philosophy is not just for saints or monks—it is

highly relevant for students, professionals, leaders, and every person in daily life.

By practicing Nishkama Karma, one can live a life full of meaning, purpose, and inner satisfaction,

ultimately leading to peace and liberation (Moksha).

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6. Explain the concept of Hukam, according to Guru Granth Sahib.

Ans: The Concept of Hukam According to Guru Granth Sahib

Introduction to Hukam

The concept of Hukam is central to Sikh philosophy and is one of the most profound ideas

discussed in the Guru Granth Sahib. The term Hukam is derived from the Persian language and

means "command" or "order." In Sikhism, it refers to the divine will or the universal order

established by God (Waheguru). It signifies that everything in the universe happens according to

God’s will, and human beings must learn to accept and align themselves with it.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism, introduces the concept of Hukam in the Japji Sahib, the

opening composition of the Guru Granth Sahib. He states:

"Hukam rajāī chalṇā, Nānak likhiā nāl."

(Everything happens according to Hukam; no one is beyond Hukam.)

This means that everything in the universe—creation, destruction, happiness, sorrow, life, and

death—operates under divine law. Nothing happens without Hukam.

Understanding Hukam in Daily Life

• The concept of Hukam teaches that everything in existence follows a natural order and is

governed by divine command. It suggests that instead of resisting or questioning events in

life, one should accept them with grace and humility.

• For example, just as the sun rises and sets at the right time, seasons change, and rivers

flow according to natural laws, human life also unfolds under Hukam. A person’s birth,

lifespan, successes, and hardships are all part of divine will.

Hukam and Free Will

• A common question arises: If everything happens according to Hukam, do human beings

have free will? Sikh teachings provide a balanced perspective. While Hukam governs the

overall structure of the universe, individuals still have the freedom to make moral choices

within this framework. The key is to align oneself with divine will rather than resisting it.

• For instance, if a person faces difficulties, they have two choices—either they complain and

struggle against fate or they accept the situation, learn from it, and move forward. Sikhism

encourages acceptance and righteous action within the boundaries of Hukam.

The Benefits of Understanding and Accepting Hukam

1. Inner Peace: When a person accepts Hukam, they no longer suffer from unnecessary

stress, anxiety, or anger. They understand that everything happens for a reason, even if it is

not immediately clear.

2. Contentment: A person who aligns with Hukam develops a sense of satisfaction with life,

knowing that whatever happens is part of a larger divine plan.

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3. Reduction of Ego (Haumai): Ego is one of the main obstacles in spiritual growth. When a

person realizes that they are not in complete control of their life, they develop humility

and surrender to divine wisdom.

4. Better Decision-Making: Those who live in harmony with Hukam make wiser decisions

because they do not act out of selfishness or ego but instead follow a higher moral and

ethical path.

Hukam in Relation to Karma

• Sikhism believes in the concept of karma, which means that one’s actions have

consequences. However, Hukam is the higher law that governs karma. This means that

while people reap the results of their deeds, it all happens under divine command.

• For example, if a farmer sows wheat, they will harvest wheat, not rice. This is the law of

karma. But the fact that the wheat grows under the right conditions—sunlight, rain, and

soil fertility—is Hukam. In other words, people have the freedom to act, but the results of

their actions unfold according to divine will.

Living in Hukam

• Living in Hukam means surrendering to God’s will with trust and devotion. It does not

mean becoming passive or giving up efforts. Instead, it means performing one’s duties with

sincerity while accepting the outcomes as part of divine wisdom.

• For example, a student preparing for an exam should study diligently (effort), but they

should also accept the results with faith, knowing that they did their best and that the

outcome is part of Hukam.

• Similarly, if someone faces hardships in life, they should work towards solving their

problems while also maintaining faith that everything is happening for a reason, which may

not be immediately clear.

Conclusion

The concept of Hukam in Sikhism is a deep and powerful idea that teaches individuals to accept

the divine order of the universe. It encourages faith, humility, and inner peace. By understanding

and aligning oneself with Hukam, one can lead a content and spiritually fulfilling life.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s message reminds us that resisting Hukam leads to suffering, while acceptance

brings wisdom and peace. Ultimately, Sikhism teaches that true happiness lies in surrendering to

divine will and living with gratitude and righteousness.

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SECTION-D

7. Explain 'Four Noble Truths', according to Buddism.

Ans: The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism – A Simple and Detailed Explanation

The Four Noble Truths are the core teachings of Buddhism. They explain the reality of human

suffering and provide a path to overcome it. These truths were discovered by Gautama Buddha

over 2,500 years ago during his deep meditation and enlightenment. Understanding these truths

helps people live a more peaceful and meaningful life.

Let’s explore each truth in detail using simple language, real-life examples, and easy-to-

understand concepts.

1. The First Noble Truth – Dukkha (Life is Suffering)

The first truth states that suffering (dukkha) is an unavoidable part of life. No matter how much

we try to avoid it, every person experiences pain, sadness, and dissatisfaction at some point.

Examples of Suffering in Everyday Life:

• Birth and Aging: As soon as a child is born, it experiences discomfort, hunger, and cold. As

people grow older, they face illness, physical weakness, and eventually death.

• Emotional Pain: Everyone faces heartbreak, disappointments, or the loss of a loved one.

• Unfulfilled Desires: People always want something—money, success, love—but even when

they achieve these, they may still feel unsatisfied.

• Change is Inevitable: Everything in life is temporary. A happy moment does not last

forever, and even good things eventually fade away.

Understanding the Nature of Suffering:

Suffering is not just about pain; it also includes temporary happiness. When people experience joy,

they fear losing it. For example, someone who buys a new phone is happy at first, but later, they

may worry about damaging it or replacing it with a better model. This continuous cycle of desire

and dissatisfaction is what Buddha referred to as suffering.

2. The Second Noble Truth – Samudaya (The Cause of Suffering)

Buddha explained that suffering has a cause. It does not happen by accident. The main cause of

suffering is tanha, which means craving or attachment. People always want more—more pleasure,

more wealth, more success. When they do not get what they want, they feel unhappy.

Examples of the Cause of Suffering:

• Desire for Material Things: Many people believe that money will bring happiness, but even

the richest people often feel empty inside.

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• Attachment to People: When we become too attached to someone, we fear losing them. If

a friend or loved one leaves, we feel deep sorrow.

• Unrealistic Expectations: People set high expectations for success or happiness. When

reality does not match these expectations, they suffer.

Understanding the Root of Attachment:

The mind constantly desires things that are temporary. A person may feel excited about buying a

new car, but after some time, they want a better model. This endless cycle of wanting and

dissatisfaction keeps people trapped in suffering.

Buddha taught that understanding the cause of suffering is the first step toward overcoming it.

3. The Third Noble Truth – Nirodha (The End of Suffering)

The good news is that suffering can end. The third truth explains that when people let go of

desires and attachments, they can find peace. This state is called Nirvana, which means complete

freedom from suffering.

How Can Suffering End?

• Letting Go of Desires: Instead of constantly wanting more, people can learn to appreciate

what they have.

• Understanding Impermanence: Nothing in life is permanent. Accepting change helps

people reduce their suffering.

• Developing Inner Peace: True happiness comes from within, not from external things like

money or status.

Examples of Overcoming Suffering:

• A person who accepts that not all relationships last will not be heartbroken when things

change.

• Someone who stops chasing wealth for happiness will find joy in simple things.

• A student who does their best without stressing over results will feel peaceful.

What is Nirvana?

Nirvana is not a place like heaven. It is a state of mind where a person feels free from suffering. It

means being content with life and not being disturbed by negative emotions like anger, jealousy,

or greed.

Buddha compared Nirvana to blowing out a flame. The flame represents desires and cravings.

When the flame goes out, there is peace.

4. The Fourth Noble Truth – Magga (The Path to End Suffering)

The fourth truth explains that there is a path to overcome suffering. Buddha called this the

Eightfold Path, which is like a guide for living a balanced and wise life.

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The Eightfold Path Includes:

1. Right Understanding: Knowing that life is full of suffering and realizing its cause.

2. Right Thought: Developing good thoughts and avoiding negative thinking.

3. Right Speech: Speaking truthfully and kindly.

4. Right Action: Doing good deeds and avoiding harm.

5. Right Livelihood: Choosing a job that does not hurt others.

6. Right Effort: Trying to improve oneself and avoiding bad habits.

7. Right Mindfulness: Being aware of one’s thoughts and actions.

8. Right Concentration: Practicing meditation to achieve a peaceful mind.

Examples of Following the Path:

• A person who speaks kindly avoids hurting others and creates good relationships.

• Someone who practices mindfulness is more aware of their emotions and avoids

unnecessary stress.

• A person who chooses a job that helps others rather than harms them finds deeper

satisfaction in life.

Why is the Eightfold Path Important?

The Eightfold Path is not a set of strict rules. It is a way of life that helps people find happiness by

making better choices. It teaches people how to be wise, kind, and peaceful.

Final Thoughts – How Can We Apply the Four Noble Truths?

The Four Noble Truths are not just religious teachings; they are practical lessons for everyday life.

Everyone faces suffering, but by understanding its cause, we can learn how to overcome it.

Applying the Teachings in Daily Life:

• Accept that life has ups and downs, and do not get attached to temporary happiness.

• Focus on inner peace rather than external success.

• Develop kindness, patience, and mindfulness.

• Live in the present moment instead of worrying about the past or future.

Buddha’s teachings are like a medicine for suffering. The Four Noble Truths diagnose the problem

(suffering), find the cause (desire), show that healing is possible (end of suffering), and provide a

cure (the Eightfold Path).

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8. What is Ashtangyoga in Yoga Philosophy?

Ans: Ashtangyoga in Yoga Philosophy

Yoga is an ancient Indian practice that aims to bring balance between the body, mind, and soul. It

is not just about physical exercises but also includes mental discipline and spiritual growth. One of

the most well-known and structured forms of Yoga is Ashtangyoga, which means "Eight-Limbed

Path of Yoga." The concept of Ashtangyoga was introduced by Maharishi Patanjali in his famous

work, the Yoga Sutras, around 200 BCE. This system provides a step-by-step guide for self-

discipline, self-purification, and self-realization.

Meaning of Ashtangyoga

The word Ashtanga is a combination of two Sanskrit words:

• Ashta () means eight

• Anga () means limbs or parts

Thus, Ashtangyoga means the eightfold path of yoga, which consists of eight interconnected steps

that guide a person towards enlightenment (moksha). These steps help in controlling the mind,

body, and soul while leading a disciplined life filled with self-awareness and self-control.

The Eight Limbs of Ashtangyoga

1. Yama (Moral Discipline or Social Conduct)

2. Niyama (Personal Discipline or Self-purification)

3. Asana (Physical Postures)

4. Pranayama (Breath Control)

5. Pratyahara (Withdrawal of Senses)

6. Dharana (Concentration)

7. Dhyana (Meditation)

8. Samadhi (Ultimate Realization or Liberation)

Now, let’s understand each of these eight limbs in detail with examples.

1. Yama (Moral Discipline or Social Conduct)

The first step of Ashtangyoga is Yama, which means following ethical guidelines in our interactions

with others. It includes five moral principles:

1. Ahimsa (Non-violence) – Avoid harming others physically, mentally, or verbally.

o Example: Not hurting animals, speaking kindly to people, and avoiding conflicts.

2. Satya (Truthfulness) – Always speak and live with honesty.

o Example: Not lying in daily life, even if it’s difficult.

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3. Asteya (Non-stealing) – Do not take anything that does not belong to you.

o Example: Avoid copying in exams or taking credit for someone else's work.

4. Brahmacharya (Control over desires) – Practice self-control and avoid over-indulgence.

o Example: Controlling excessive use of social media, food, or luxury.

5. Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness) – Do not be greedy and learn to live with what you need.

o Example: Avoid unnecessary shopping or hoarding wealth.

2. Niyama (Personal Discipline or Self-purification)

Niyama focuses on self-discipline and personal growth. It also has five principles:

1. Shaucha (Cleanliness) – Keep your body and surroundings clean.

o Example: Bathing daily and keeping your home tidy.

2. Santosh (Contentment) – Be happy with what you have and avoid unnecessary desires.

o Example: Being satisfied with your achievements rather than always comparing

with others.

3. Tapas (Self-discipline) – Be strong-willed and disciplined.

o Example: Waking up early for studies or practice despite feeling lazy.

4. Swadhyaya (Self-study) – Read scriptures and reflect on your inner self.

o Example: Reading Bhagavad Gita or other spiritual texts.

5. Ishwar Pranidhana (Surrender to God) – Have faith in a higher power and accept life's

challenges.

o Example: Believing that every problem has a purpose and trusting divine will.

3. Asana (Physical Postures)

Asanas are the physical postures of Yoga. These help in keeping the body healthy and strong.

While modern Yoga focuses mostly on Asanas, in Ashtangyoga, Asanas are just one step towards

spiritual progress.

• Example: Practicing postures like Padmasana (Lotus Pose) and Tadasana (Mountain Pose)

to maintain physical and mental balance.

4. Pranayama (Breath Control)

Pranayama is the practice of controlling the breath, which in turn controls the mind and emotions.

It helps in increasing focus, calming the mind, and improving overall health.

• Example: Practicing Anulom-Vilom (Alternate Nostril Breathing) to reduce stress and

improve lung capacity.

5. Pratyahara (Withdrawal of Senses)

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Pratyahara means controlling the senses and not being easily distracted by external objects. It

helps in developing inner strength.

• Example: A student practicing Pratyahara will avoid distractions like social media while

studying.

6. Dharana (Concentration)

Dharana is deep concentration on one object or thought. This prepares the mind for meditation.

• Example: A musician practicing for hours without losing focus is an example of Dharana.

7. Dhyana (Meditation)

Dhyana means continuous meditation where the mind remains calm and focused without

distractions. It leads to self-awareness and inner peace.

• Example: Sitting in a quiet place and meditating on a mantra like "Om" without losing

focus.

8. Samadhi (Ultimate Realization or Liberation)

Samadhi is the final stage where a person achieves spiritual enlightenment and unites with the

divine. This is the ultimate goal of Yoga.

• Example: Saints like Swami Vivekananda and Maharishi Patanjali achieved Samadhi

through deep meditation.

Conclusion

Ashtangyoga is not just about physical exercises but is a complete lifestyle that leads to self-

discipline, peace, and ultimate liberation. If a person follows these eight steps sincerely, they can

achieve a balanced and meaningful life.

By practicing Yama and Niyama, we develop good character. Asanas and Pranayama help in

maintaining a healthy body and mind. Pratyahara, Dharana, and Dhyana teach us to control our

thoughts and concentrate better. Finally, Samadhi leads to self-realization and enlightenment.

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